Are Conspiracy Theories Destroying Democracy?We have conspiracy theories because sometimes governments and organisations do conspire. But are conspiracy theories destroying democracy?
What if I told you I had conclusive evidence that the moon landings had been faked? However, I was coerced into keeping it secret under orders from the CIA, NSA and MI6? Most of you would think I was a loony; however, for some, it might appear completely plausible, or even most likely, that an unknown author on an unknown website should stumble over such important information.
We live in a golden age for conspiracy theories, and there is a growing assumption that everything we are told by the authorities is wrong, or at the very least, not quite as it seems, and that the truth is being manipulated or obscured by powerful vested interests. The more information we have about what governments and corporations are up to, the less we appear to trust them.
"The reason we have conspiracy theories is that sometimes governments and organisations do conspire," says Observer columnist and academic John Naughton.
It would be incorrect to think of all conspiracy theorists as loopy nuts; however, for those seeking to make sense of a complex world, the trouble is understanding which parts of the conspiracy theory to keep and which to throw away.
The internet is generally assumed to be the primary driving force behind the expansion of modern conspiracy theories, principally because it gives any person a voice that may be heard worldwide that they would not have had in the past. Also, conspiracy theories were once restricted to fringe audiences and have become commonplace in the mass media.
Mr Naughton is one of three lead investigators in a major new Cambridge University project investigating the effect of conspiracy theories on democracy. He plans to check internet theories on 9/11 with pre-internet theories about John F Kennedy's assassination.
Like the other researchers in this field, he's conscious of what delving into the darker recesses of the conspiracy world means.
"The minute you get into the JFK stuff, and the minute you sniff at the 9/11 stuff, you begin to lose the will to live," he told the audience in Cambridge.
Like Sir Richard Evans, who heads the five-year Conspiracy and Democracy project, he's at pains to stress that the purpose is not to prove or disprove any specific theories but to learn about their impact on culture and society. Why are we so interested in them? Are they undermining trust in democratic establishments?
David Runciman, professor of politics at Cambridge University, the third main investigator, is eager to explore the concept most conspiracies are "cock-ups".
"The line between a cock-up, a conspiracy and a conspiracy theory is much more blurred than the conventional view that you have got to choose between them," he informed the Festival of Ideas.
"There's a conventional view that you get these conspirators, who are this kind of sinister, malign people who know what they are doing, and the conspiracy theorists, who occasionally stumble upon the truth but who are on the whole paranoid and crazy.
"Actually, the conspirators are often the paranoid and crazy conspiracy theorists because in their attempt to cover up the cock-up, they get drawn into the web in which their self-justification poses as some giant conspiracy trying to expose their conspiracy.
"And I think that's consistently true through a lot of political scandals, Watergate included."
He argues that it can also be true that the in-fighting and plotting that characterised New Labour's years in power, as recently uncovered within the memoirs of Gordon Brown's former spin doctor Damian McBride.
The Brownite conspiracies to remove Tony Blair have been "pathetically ineffectual" - aside from the 2006 "curry house" plot that forced Blair to name a departure date - however, the picture painted by Mr McBride of a "paranoid" and "chaotic" inner circle has the ring of truth about it, he claims, and Mr Brown - said to be a keen student of the JFK assassination - knew a conspiracy when he saw one.
"You feel he sees conspiracies out there because he has a mindset that is not dissimilar to the conspiracy theorists," said Prof Runciman.
He also analyses whether or not the push for greater openness and transparency in public life will fuel, rather than kill off, conspiracy theories.
Some of the things conspiracy theories feed on, besides silence, is a surfeit of information. And when there is a mass of information, it becomes easier for people to find their way through and come to the conclusion they want.
"Plus, you do not have to be a special cynic to imagine that, in the age of open government, governments will be even more cautious about keeping secret the things they want to keep secret.
"The call for openness always produces, as well as more openness, more secrecy."
